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Professor Susan Backhouse

Director of Research

Sue is Professor of Psychology and Nutrition, Head of the Centre for Human Performance and Director of Research for Sport and Exercise Science, Leisure and Tourism. She graduated from Loughborough University with a BSc (Hons) in Physical Education and Sports Science at Loughborough University, for which she was awarded the Department prize for outstanding achievement. Following this, Susan completed her PhD with Professor Clyde Williams and Professor Stuart Biddle at Loughborough University. Susan joined Leeds Beckett University in 2003.

Sue leads the sporting integrity research team at Leeds Beckett University, conducting research that addresses the complexity of doping in sport by investigating the issue from multiple stakeholder perspectives using an interdisciplinary lens. With a focus on implementation, Sue and her team strive to bring about change in the anti-doping system through the development of strong partnerships and evidence-informed interventions.

Examples of recently funded projects include two cross-cultural interventions to prevent doping in sport (RE>ACT and CoachMADE) and two Erasmus+ funded collaborative projects (FAIR and RESPECT). Sue is an active member of the clean sport community, serving as a member of the WADA Social Science Research Committee, Convenor of the British Association of Sport and Exercise Science Clean Sport Interest Group and Co-Founder of the Clean Sport Alliance. Sue is regularly invited to give keynote lectures at international conferences.

Sue is a Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy, Fellow of the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences (BASES) and Associate Fellow of the British Psychological Society.

Current Teaching

Contribute to undergraduate and postgraduate taught provisio
Supervise postgraduate research students
Supervise trainee sport and exercise psychologists (British Psychological Society Qualification in Sport and Exercise Psychology Stage 2)

Research Interests

Current funded research projects:

Research-Embedded Strategic Plan for Anti-Doping Education: Clean Sport Alliance Initiative for Tackling Doping (RESPECT) (EU ERASMUS+)
Blowing the whistle on doping in sport through evidence-informed policy making (World Anti-Doping Agency)
Towards a Vision for Prevention: Testing the feasibility and efficacy of a Clean Sport Bystander Intervention Program (RE>ACT) (International Olympic Committee)
Forum for Anti-Doping in Recreational Sport (FAIR) (EU ERASMUS+)
An Intervention to Optimize Motivational Climates and Prevent Current and Future Willingness to Dope in Adolescent Sport: A Cross-Cultural Project (International Olympic Committee)
The interactive effects of moral identity and moral disengagement on doping: An experimental investigation (World Anti-Doping Agency)

0113 81 24684
S.Backhouse@leedsbeckett.ac.uk
Fairfax Hall, 101, Headingley Campus

Carnegie School of Sport

Ask Me About

Drug use in sport, Sports integrity, Athlete welfare, Clean sport, Whistleblowing, Performance enhancement
Sport
Sport Psychology
Doping

Selected Outputs

Erickson K; Backhouse S; Patterson L (2019) Blowing the whistle on doping in sport through evidence-informed policy making [Online]. World Anti-Doping Agency.

Available from: https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/lbu_wada_wb_final_report_oct_2019.pdf

View Repository Record
Backhouse S; Whitaker L; Mckenna J; Beggs C; Petroczi A (2016) Schoolboy Supplement Use Behaviours and Doping Vulnerability [Online]. Rugby Football Union.

View Repository Record
Backhouse S; Whitaker L; Patterson L; Erickson K; McKenna J (2016) Social Psychology of Doping in Sport: A Mixed Studies Narrative Synthesis [Online]. Montreal Canada: World Anti-Doping Agency.

Available from: https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/literature_review_update_-_final_2016.pdf

View Repository Record
Backhouse SH; Collins C; Defoort Y; McNamee M; Parkinson A; Sauer M; Brissonneau C; Christensen A; Dikic N; Hauw D (2014) Study on Doping Prevention: A map of Legal, Regulatory and Prevention Practice Provisions in EU 28 [Online]. Luxembourg: European Commission.

Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/sport/news/2014/docs/doping-prevention-report_en.pdf

View Repository Record
Ntoumanis N; Ng J; Barkoukis V; Backhouse S (2013) A statistical synthesis of the literature on personal and situational variables that predict doping in physical activity settings World Anti-Doping Agency.

View Repository Record
Backhouse S; McKenna J; Patterson L (2009) Prevention through education: A review of current international social science literature: A focus on the prevention of bullying, tobacco, alcohol and social drug use in children, adolescents and young adults [Online]. World Anti-Doping Agency.

Available from: https://www.wada-ama.org/en/resources/social-science/prevention-through-education-a-review-of-current-international-social

View Repository Record
Backhouse SH; McKenna J; Robinson SJ (2006) Attitudes, Behaviours, Knowledge and Education - Drugs in Sports: Past, present and future [Online]. World Anti-Drugs Agency.

Available from: http://www.wada-ama.org/rtecontent/document/Backhouse_et_al_Full_Report.pdf

Martinelli L; Thrower S; Heyes A; Boardley I; Backhouse S; Petroczi A (In press) The good, the bad, and the ugly: A qualitative secondary analysis into the impact of doping and anti-doping on clean elite athletes in five European countries. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics

View Repository Record
Chesson L; Jones B; Backhouse SH (2022) “Is the focus in professional rugby ever really on health?”: A qualitative study on the uptake of illness prevention guidelines in rugby. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 64 pp. 102327-102327.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102327

View Repository Record
Patterson L; Backhouse S; Jones B (2022) The role of athlete support personnel in preventing doping: a qualitative study of a rugby union academy. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health

https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2022.2086166

View Repository Record
Heaviside HJ; Manley AJ; Didymus FF; Backhouse SH; Staff HR (2021) “By the time I got to London I was like a coke bottle that had been shaken up and was about to explode!” A case study of performance expectations with a retired athlete. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 57 pp. 102022-102022.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.102022
Petróczi A; Heyes A; Thrower SN; Martinelli LA; Backhouse SH; Boardley ID (2021) Understanding and building clean(er) sport together: Community-based participatory research with elite athletes and anti-doping organisations from five European countries. Psychology of Sport and Exercise

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.101932

View Repository Record
Boardley I; Chandler M; Backhouse S; Petroczi A (2021) Co-creating a Social Science Research Agenda for Clean Sport: An International Delphi Study. International Journal of Drug Policy

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103161

View Repository Record
Allen H; Price OJ; Hull JH; Backhouse SH (2021) Asthma Medication in Athletes: A Qualitative Investigation of Adherence, Avoidance and Misuse in Competitive Sport. Journal of Asthma, pp. 1-17.

https://doi.org/10.1080/02770903.2021.1881968

View Repository Record
Petroczi A; Backhouse S; Boardley I; Pitsiladis Y; Saugy M; Viret M; Ioannidis G; Ohl F; Loland S; McNamee M (2020) Clean athlete status’ cannot be certified: Calling for caution, evidence and transparency in ‘alternative’ anti-doping systems. International Journal of Drug Policy

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.103030

View Repository Record
Chesson L; Whitehead S; Flanagan K; Deighton K; Matu J; Backhouse SH; Jones B (2020) Illness and infection in elite full-contact football-code sports: A systematic review. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2020.11.001

View Repository Record
McKenna J; Backhouse S; Phillips G; Jones B (2020) Changing player behaviour in sport during the COVID-19 pandemic: Shake on it?. South African Journal of Sports Medicine, 32 (1), pp. 1-2.

https://doi.org/10.17159/2078-516x/2020/v32i1a8967

View Repository Record
Bentley MRN; Patterson LB; Mitchell N; Backhouse SH (2020) Athlete perspectives on the enablers and barriers to nutritional adherence in high-performance sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 52 pp. 101831-101831.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101831

View Repository Record
Ntoumanis N; Quested E; Patterson L; Kaffe S; Backhouse S; Pavlidis G; Whitaker L; Barkoukis V; Smith B; Staff H (2020) An intervention to optimise coach-created motivational climates and reduce athlete willingness to dope (CoachMADE): a three-country cluster randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Sports Medicine

https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2019-101963

View Repository Record
Stanger N; Whitaker L; Backhouse SH (2020) Testing the validity and reliability of the doping willingness in sport scale. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 30 (8), pp. 1529-1543.

https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13683

View Repository Record
Barnes L; Patterson L; Backhouse S (2020) A Systematic Review of Research into Coach Perspectives and Behaviours Regarding Doping and Anti-Doping. Psychology of Sport and Exercise

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101780

View Repository Record
Bentley MRN; Mitchell N; Backhouse SH (2020) Sports nutrition interventions : A systematic review of behavioural strategies used to promote dietary behaviour change in athletes. Appetite, 150

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2020.104645

View Repository Record
Staff H; Didymus F; Backhouse S (2020) Dyadic coping in coach-athlete relationships: A grounded theory. Psychology of Sport and Exercise

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101741

View Repository Record
Didymus FF; Backhouse S (2020) Coping by doping? A qualitative inquiry into permitted and prohibited substance use in competitive rugby. Psychology of Sport and Exercise

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101680

View Repository Record
Stanger N; Backhouse S (2020) A multi-study cross-sectional and experimental examination into the interactive effects of moral identity and moral disengagement on doping. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 42 (3), pp. 185-200.

https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2019-0097

View Repository Record
Erickson K; Stanger N; Patterson L; Backhouse SH (2019) Substance use in university sport: A cross-national study of student-athlete substance use behaviors and perceived responses to witnessing substance use. Performance Enhancement & Health, pp. 100151-100151.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peh.2019.100151

View Repository Record
Jackson A; Allen H; Hull JH; Hopker J; Backhouse SH; Price OJ; Dickinson J (2019) Diagnosing exercise-induced bronchoconstriction: over or under-detection?. Allergy

https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14005

View Repository Record
Bentley M; Mitchell N; Sutton L; Backhouse SH (2019) Sports nutritionists’ perspectives on enablers and barriers to nutritional adherence in high performance sport: a qualitative analysis informed by the COM-B model and theoretical domains framework. Journal of Sports Sciences, 37 (18), pp. 2075-2085.

https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2019.1620989

View Repository Record
Allen H; Backhouse S; Hull J; Price OJ (2019) Anti‐doping Policy, Therapeutic Use Exemption and Medication Use in Athletes with Asthma: A Narrative Review and Critical Appraisal of Current Regulations. Sports Medicine, 49 (5), pp. 659-668.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01075-z

View Repository Record
Patterson LB; Backhouse S; Lara-Bercial S (2019) Examining coaches' experiences and opinions of anti-doping education. International Sport Coaching Journal / ISCJ, 6 (2), pp. 145-159.

https://doi.org/10.1123/iscj.2018-0008

View Repository Record
Allen H; Hull J; Backhouse S; De Carné T; Dimitriou L; Price OJ (2019) The Allergy Questionnaire for Athletes provides value in ruling-out exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Allergy, 74 (9), pp. 1794-1796.

https://doi.org/10.1111/all.13778

View Repository Record
Erickson KL; Patterson L; Backhouse S (2018) “The process isn’t a case of report it and stop”: Athletes’ lived experience of whistleblowing on doping in sport. Sport Management Review

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2018.12.001

View Repository Record
Heaviside HJ; Manley AJ; Didymus FF; Backhouse SH (2018) “Going for Gold”: Print and Digital Media Reports of Performance Expectations for Olympic and Paralympic Athletes. Journal of Sports Media, 13 (2), pp. 89-118.

https://doi.org/10.1353/jsm.2018.0010

View Repository Record
Patterson LB; Backhouse S (2018) “An important cog in the wheel”, but not the driver: Coaches’ perceptions of their role in doping prevention. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 37 pp. 117-127.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.05.004

View Repository Record
Stanger N; Backhouse SH; Jennings A; Mckenna J (2018) Linking motivational climate with moral behavior in youth sport : The role of social support, perspective taking and moral disengagement. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 7 (4), pp. 392-407.

https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000122

View Repository Record
Ntoumanis N; Gucciardi D; Backhouse SH; Barkoukis V; Quested E; Patterson L; Smith B; Whitaker L; Pavlidis G; Kaffe S (2018) An Intervention to Optimize Coach Motivational Climates and Reduce Athlete Willingness to Dope (CoachMADE): Protocol for a Cross-Cultural Cluster Randomized Control Trial. Frontiers in Psychology

https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02301

View Repository Record
Staff H; Didymus FF; Backhouse S (2017) The Antecedents and Outcomes of Dyadic Coping in Close Personal Relationships: A Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 30 (5), pp. 498-520.

https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2017.1329931

View Repository Record
Whitaker L; Backhouse SH; Long J (2017) Doping vulnerabilities, rationalisations and contestations: The lived experience of national level athletes. Performance Enhancement and Health, 5 (4), pp. 134-141.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peh.2017.06.001

View Repository Record
Backhouse SH; Griffiths C; McKenna J (2017) Tackling doping in sport : a call to take action on the dopogenic environment. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 52 pp. 1485-1486.

https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-097169

View Repository Record
Erickson KL; Backhouse SH; Carless D (2017) “I don’t know if I would report them”: Student-athletes’ thoughts, feelings and anticipated behaviours on blowing the whistle on doping in sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 30 pp. 45-54.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.01.005

View Repository Record
Staff H; Didymus FF; Backhouse SH (2017) Coping Rarely Takes Place in a Social Vacuum: Exploring Dyadic Coping in Coach-Athlete Relationships. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 30 pp. 91-100.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.02.009

View Repository Record
Nicholls A; Madigan D; Backhouse SH; Levy A (2017) Personality traits and performance enhancing drugs: The Dark Triad and doping attitudes among competitive athletes. Personality and Individual Differences, 112 pp. 113-116.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.02.062

View Repository Record
Erickson KL; Backhouse SH; Carless D (2017) Doping In Sports: Do Parents Matter?. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 6 (2), pp. 115-128.

https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000081

View Repository Record
Duckworth LC; Backhouse SH; O'Hara JP; Stevenson EJ (2017) Effect of Galactose Ingestion Before and During Exercise on Substrate Oxidation, Postexercise Satiety, and Subsequent Energy Intake in Females. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 35 (1), pp. 1-12.

https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2014.994790

View Repository Record
Whitaker L; Backhouse SH (2017) Doping in sport: An analysis of sanctioned UK rugby union players between 2009 and 2015. Journal of Sports Sciences, 35 (16), pp. 1607-1613.

https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1226509

View Repository Record
Dohme L; Backhouse SH; Piggott D; Morgan G (2016) Categorizing and Defining Popular Psychological Terms Used Within the Youth Athlete Talent Development Literature: A Systematic Review. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 10 (1), pp. 134-163.

https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2016.1185451

View Repository Record
Whitaker L; Petroczi A; Backhouse S; Long J; Nepusz T (2016) The role of the Self in assessing doping cognition: Implicit and explicit measures of athletes’ doping-related prototype perceptions. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 24 pp. 159-167.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.02.005

View Repository Record
Till K; Jones B; McKenna J; Whitaker L; Backhouse SH (2016) The search for size: A doping risk factor in adolescent rugby?. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50 (4), pp. 203-204.

https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-094737

View Repository Record
Erickson K; Backhouse SH; Carless D (2016) “The ripples are big”: Storying the impact of doping in sport beyond the sanctioned athlete. Psychology of Sport and Exercise

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.01.010

View Repository Record
Patterson L; Backhouse SH; Duffy P (2016) Anti-doping education for coaches: Qualitative insights from national and international sporting and anti-doping organisations. Sport Management Review, 19 pp. 35-47.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2015.12.002

View Repository Record
Petroczi A; Backhouse SH; Barkoukis V; Brand R; Elbe AM; Lazarus L; Lucidi F (2015) A call for policy guidance on psychometric testing in doping control in sport. International Journal of Drug Policy

View Repository Record
Mazanov J; Hemphill D; Connor J; Quirk F; Backhouse SH (2015) Australian athlete support personnel lived experience of anti-doping. Sport Management Review, 18 (2), pp. 218-230.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2014.05.007

View Repository Record
Whitaker L; Long J; Backhouse S (2014) Reporting doping in sport: National level athletes’ perceptions of their role in doping prevention. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 24 (6), pp. 515-521.

https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12222

View Repository Record
Ntoumanis N; Ng J; Barkourkis V; Backhouse SH (2014) Personal and Psychosocial Predictors of Doping Use in Physical Activity Settings: A Meta-Analysis. Sports Medicine, 44 (11), pp. 1603-1624.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0240-4

View Repository Record
Whitaker L; Long J; Petroczi A; Backhouse S (2014) Applying the prototype willingness model to doping in sport. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports

https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12148
Whitaker L; Long J; Petróczi A; Backhouse SH (2014) Using the prototype willingness model to predict doping in sport. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 24 (5), pp. e398-405.

https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12148

View Repository Record
Petróczi A; Dodge T; Backhouse SH; Adesanwo C (2014) Review of the Literature on Negative Health Risks Based Interventions to Guide Anabolic Steroid Misuse Prevention. Performance Enhancement and Health

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peh.2014.08.001

View Repository Record
Petróczi A; Dodge T; Backhouse SH; Adesanwo C (2014) Review of the Literature on Negative Health Risks Based Interventions to Guide Anabolic Steroid Misuse Prevention. Performance Enhancement and Health
Patterson LB; Duffy PJ; Backhouse SH (2014) Are Coaches Anti-Doping? Exploring Issues of Engagement With Education and Research. Substance Use and Misuse

https://doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2014.912469

View Repository Record
Erickson K; McKenna J; Backhouse S (2014) A Qualitative Analysis of the Factors That Protect Athletes Against Doping in Sport. Psychology of Sport & Exercise., 16 (2), pp. 149-155.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.03.007

View Repository Record
Mazanov J; Hemphill D; Connor J; Quirk F; Backhouse S (2014) Australian Athlete Support Personnel Lived Experience of Anti-Doping. Sports Management Review
Duckworth LC; Backhouse SH; Stevenson EJ (2013) The effect of galactose ingestion on affect and perceived exertion in recreationally active females. Appetite, 71 (1), pp. 252-258.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2013.08.009

View Repository Record
Mazanov J; Backhouse SH; Connor J; Hemphill D; Quirk F (2013) Athlete Support Personnel and Anti-Doping: Knowledge, Attitudes and Ethical Stance. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 24 (5), pp. 846-856.

https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12084

View Repository Record
Backhouse SH; Whitaker L; Petróczi A (2013) Gateway to doping? Supplement use in the context of preferred competitive situations, doping attitude, beliefs, and norms. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 23 (2), pp. 244-252.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01374.x

View Repository Record
Duckworth L; Backhouse SH; Stevenson E (2013) Effect of Galactose Ingestion before and during exercise on affect and perceived exertion. Appetite
Whitaker L; Long JA; Petroczi A; Backhouse SH (2012) Athletes Perceptions of Performance Enhancing Substance User and Non-user Prototypes. Performance Enhancement & Health, 1 (1), pp. 28-34.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peh.2012.03.002
Backhouse SH; Patterson L; McKenna J (2012) Achieving the Olympic ideal: Preventing doping in sport. Performance Enhancement and Health, 1 (2), pp. 83-85.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peh.2012.08.001
Nicholls A; McKenna J; Pohlam R; Backhouse SH (2011) Overtraining during Preseason: Stress and negative affective states among professional rugby union players. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 5 (3), pp. 211-222.

http://journals.humankinetics.com/jcsp-back-issues/jcsp-volume-5-issue-3-september-/overtraining-during-preseason-stress-and-negative-affective-states-among-professional-rugby-union-players

View Repository Record
Backhouse SH; McKenna J (2011) Doping in sport: A review of medical practitioners' knowledge, attitudes and beliefs. International Journal of Drug Policy, 22 (3), pp. 198-202.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2011.03.002
Backhouse SH; McKenna J (2011) Doping in sport: A review of medical practitioners' knowledge, attitudes and beliefs. International Journal of Drug Policy, 22 (3), pp. 198-202.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2011.03.002

View Repository Record
Backhouse SH; Biddle SJH; Bishop NC; Williams C (2011) Caffeine ingestion, affect and perceived exertion during prolonged cycling. Appetite, 57 (1), pp. 247-252.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2011.05.304
Nicholls AR; Polman RCJ; Levy AR; Backhouse SH (2009) Mental toughness in sport: Achievement level, gender, age, experience, and sport type differences. Personality and Individual Differences, 47 (1), pp. 73-75.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.02.006
Nicholls AR; Backhouse SH; Polman RC; McKenna J (2009) Stressors and affective states among professional rugby union players. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 19 (1), pp. 121-128.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2007.00757.x
Nicholls A; Polman R; Levy A; Backhouse S (2009) Mental toughness in Sport: Achievement level, gender, age experience, and sport type differences. , 47 (1), pp. 73-75.
Nicholls A; Backhouse SH; Polman R; McKenna J (2009) Stressors and affective states among professional rugby union players. , 19 pp. 121-128.
Petróczi A; Mazanov J; Nepusz T; Backhouse SH; Naughton DP (2008) Comfort in big numbers: Does over-estimation of doping prevalence in others indicate self-involvement?. Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, 3 (1),

https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6673-3-19
Backhouse SH; Biddle SJH; Ekkekakis P; Foskett A; Williams C (2007) Exercise makes People feel better but People are Inactive: Paradox or artefact?. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 29 (4), pp. 498-517.
Backhouse SH; Stevenson E; Nute M; Williams C (2007) Effect of the Glycaemic Index of a Breakfast on Metabolic Responses to Brisk Walking in Females. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 61 (5), pp. 590-596.
Backhouse SH; Ali A; Biddle SJH; Williams C (2007) Carbohydrate Ingestion During Prolonged High-intensity Intermittent Exercise: Impact on affect and perceived exertion. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 17 (5), pp. 605-610.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2006.00613.x
Backhouse SH; Biddle SH; Williams C; Bishop NC (2005) Effects of Carbohydrate and Prolonged Exercise on Affect and Perceived Exertion. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37 (10), pp. 1768-1773.